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What supplements, nutrients or herbs have been studied for Immunity?

Vitamin D: 2000 IU/day of vitamin D3; loading dose <60,000 IU in some studies; exact doses not fully specified in all abstracts; Omega-3 fatty acids: 1 g/day of omega-3s; 500 mg/day in one 6-week trial; exact forms not fully specified in all abstracts; Probiotics: Any specified strain or dose; one trial used a daily single dose of 0.5 mL probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, Bifidobacterium lactis HN019, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. Across the abstracts, the immunity-related literature is dominated by vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics, zinc, vitamin C, lactoferrin, and a few plant-derived products such as elderberry and curcumin. Most evidence comes from systematic reviews/meta-analyses of randomized trials, with outcomes often focused on respiratory infections, inflammatory markers, immune cell measures, or disease activity in autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Several interventions showed mixed or context-dependent findings, especially vitamin D and vitamin C, while probiotics and lactoferrin were examined across multiple infection-related studies. Some abstracts also reported broader anti-inflammatory effects for omega-3s and synbiotic/prebiotic approaches, but the exact effects varied by study and outcome. This evidence is educational; it is not FDA-approved and is not medical advice.

¿Qué suplementos, nutrientes o hierbas se han estudiado para Inmunidad?

Vitamina D: 2000 IU/d de vitamina D3; también se describen estudios con suplementación de vitamina D sin dosis especificada en varios ensayos y revisiones; Omega-3: 1 g/d de omega-3; 500 mg/d; también se describen estudios con suplementación de omega-3 sin dosis especificada en revisiones; Probióticos: Una mezcla probiótica con Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 y Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, 0.5 mL/día; en otras revisiones, dosis no especificada. La evidencia disponible sobre inmunidad se centra principalmente en vitamina D, ácidos grasos omega-3, probióticos, lactoferrina, vitamina C, zinc, vitamina E y extractos vegetales como saúco negro, con algunos estudios también evaluando cúrcuma e inulina/simbióticos. En general, los ensayos y revisiones describen cambios en marcadores inflamatorios, función inmune o desenlaces de infecciones respiratorias, aunque los resultados no son uniformes entre compuestos ni entre estudios. La vitamina D y los omega-3 aparecen con la mayor base de evidencia clínica, mientras que los probióticos y la lactoferrina muestran resultados prometedores pero heterogéneos. También se observaron estudios de suplementos combinados y una revisión en lupus eritematoso sistémico que reunió intervenciones nutricionales con efectos variables sobre inflamación y actividad de la enfermedad. Esta evidencia es educativa; no está aprobada por la FDA y no constituye consejo médico.

Evidence by health condition

Nutrients, herbs & natural products studied for Immunity

14 PubMed clinical trials & meta-analyses analyzed

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AI summary

Evidence stage: Human Clinical Trial

The abstracts describe a mixed landscape of immune-related studies on nutrients, botanicals, and probiotics, mostly in respiratory infection or vaccine-response settings. Vitamin D was studied in children and older adults, with one trial reporting a dose-dependent rise in serum 25(OH)D and another showing no benefit on time to first acute respiratory infection. Elderberry, Echinacea purpurea, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04 were each examined in randomized trials with observations related to cold symptoms, mucosal immunity, or viral challenge outcomes. Prebiotics, conjugated linoleic acid, and heat-killed Lactobacillus paracasei MCC1849 were also studied, with outcomes focused on vaccine responses or immune markers and generally showing limited or selective effects. This evidence is educational; it is not FDA-approved and is not medical advice.

Doses are those reported in the studies, not recommendations. Talk to your doctor before taking anything.

Vitamin D

NutrientModerate evidenceHuman Clinical Trial

Doses studied: 2000 IU/day for 1 month; 5600 IU/week or 11,200 IU/week for 6 months; vitamin D3 2.4 mg once every 2 months + 10 μg daily for residents, 3 mg once every 2 months for carers; low-dose vitamin D3 10 μg daily for residents, placebo once every 2 months for carers

Duration: 1 month; 6 months; 1 year

In children, vitamin D supplementation was studied for influenza and enterovirus infection incidence, and one trial reported a relative risk reduction of 84% against influenza that did not reach statistical significance, with similar enterovirus incidence between groups. In another pediatric trial, a dose-dependent increase in serum 25(OH)D was observed after 6 months, while the abstract excerpt does not complete the clinical outcome comparison. In older adults and carers, high-dose versus low-dose vitamin D3 did not influence time to first acute respiratory infection, and the abstract excerpt reports an increased risk of URI in the active intervention arm.

Sources:PMID 35283046 PMID 39181322 PMID 26063508

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract

HerbModerate evidenceHuman Clinical Trial

Doses studied: Standardised membrane filtered elderberry extract; dose not specified in abstract

Duration: Not specified

In air travelers, cold episodes, cold duration, symptom scores, and questionnaire-based upper respiratory symptom outcomes were assessed. The placebo group had more cold episodes, a longer duration of cold episode days, and higher average symptom scores; the abstract concludes that elderberry supplementation was associated with reduced cold duration and severity. No adverse outcomes or mechanistic immune markers were reported in the abstract.

Sources:PMID 27023596

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